Performance management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Execution the executives - Essay Example Studies have uncovered that the rearrangements procedure has created results that have not exclusively been clashing yet in addition questionable. Because of the inconveniences expressed above, Ferreira and Otley's figured the exhibition the executives system that plainly depicts the activity and structure of execution the executives framework. Analysts have underlined that to acquire exact outcomes that are fundamental in creating aptitudes and information on the executives execution, it is critical to utilize hypothetical establishments. Directors of an association need to choose sound hypotheses that will control them while breaking down execution of an association (Chapman, 2007p. 664). Execution the board approach for the most part includes numerous procedures that occur in an association. These procedures incorporate examination, estimation, control, and arranging. The instruments utilized in execution the board frameworks are formal and casual controls. The controls are normal ly reliant on the size of the association on the grounds that bigger firms utilize managerial controls (Margret, 2010 p. 210). Execution Management Framework by Otley’s In the year 1999, Otley built up a structure that was to give a rule in the investigation of the activities of the executives control frameworks. He concentrated on five zones that included distinguishing proof of the principle objectives of an association. ... The fourth region that Otley underscored was the ramifications of either accomplishing or neglecting to accomplish the objectives set in an association. Finally, he concentrated on observing the presentation of an association. Switches of Control structure Simons proposed the switches of control (LOC) system in the year 1995. These included convictions, limit, analytic and intelligent control frameworks (Simons, 1995:p177). Simons’ structure depended on four significant ideas particularly guiding principle, the dangers, the factors of basic execution and vital vulnerabilities. The conviction framework controls the fundamental beliefs while the dangers are controlled by the limit framework. The indicative control framework controls the basic execution factors. The fundamental capacity of the analytic control is to screen, evaluate and give rewards dependent on the various degrees of execution. In conclusion, the intelligent control framework directs the key vulnerabilities in a n organization. The switches of control structure have encouraged the investigation of the communication between limit frameworks and convictions (Collier, 2005:p321). The LOC structure was reprimanded due to its incongruence with the casual controls that exist in numerous associations (Hutzschenreuter, 2009 p.10). Be that as it may, the work of LOC system encourages the evaluation of the harmony among positive and negative controls (Ferreira, 2002: 053). The Performance Management Systems Structure The current systems had various constraints that provoked specialists to build up an all-encompassing structure. The broad structure features the principle parts of execution the board framework, and gives establishment to the improvement of further examinations. The presentation the executives framework concentrated on a few territories including association structure,

American Films and Hero

Whose name rings a bell when you hear the word â€Å"hero. † A saint is an individual you appreciate, gaze upward to, and have regard for. A legend is somebody you need to transcript as a result of their activities and achievements. A legend is somebody we treasure, similar to our first teddy bear when we were youthful. My legend is my mother. I’ve been in this world for a long time at this point and everything I can say is that I thank god for making the ladies that made me that I can rely upon whenever and call my mom.After all the terrible and harsh occasions, put downs and fall downs I experienced; there was just a single individual that could bear my life. After all the errors I've done through the previous years, it was her who got me out. What's more, those occasions when I was grief stricken or befuddled insane, it was her who offered me guidance. There is no other individual you can confide in enough to disclose to them everything about occurs in your life, and its absolutely impossible you can discover somebody that would think about you like a mother would.Whose name strikes a chord when you hear the word â€Å"hero. † A saint is an individual you appreciate, turn upward to, and have regard for. A saint is somebody you need to transcript in view of their activities and achievements. A legend is somebody we appreciate, similar to our first teddy bear when we were youthful. My saint is my mother. I’ve been in this world for a long time at this point and everything I can say is that I thank god for making the ladies that made me that I can rely upon whenever and call my mom.After all the awful and harsh occasions, put downs and fall downs I experienced; there was just a single individual that could persevere through my life. After all the errors I've done through the previous years, it was her who got me out. What's more, those occasions when I was devastated or confounded crazy, it was her who offered me guidance. There is n o other individual you can confide in enough to reveal to them everything about occurs in your life, and it is highly unlikely you can discover somebody that would think about you like a mother would.Whose name strikes a chord when you hear the word â€Å"hero. † A saint is an individual you appreciate, gaze upward to, and have regard for. A saint is somebody you need to transcript in light of their activities and achievements. A saint is somebody we appreciate, similar to our first teddy bear when we were youthful. My saint is my mother. I’ve been in this world for a long time at this point and everything I can say is that I thank god for making the ladies that made me that I can rely upon whenever and call my mom.After all the terrible and harsh occasions, put downs and fall downs I experienced; there was just a single individual that could persevere through my life. After all the errors I've done through the previous years, it was her who got me out. What's more, th ose occasions when I was devastated or befuddled crazy, it was her who offered me guidance. There is no other individual you can confide in enough to reveal to them everything about occurs in your life, and it is highly unlikely you can discover somebody that would think about you like a mother would.Whose name rings a bell when you hear the word â€Å"hero. † A saint is an individual you appreciate, gaze upward to, and have regard for. A legend is somebody you need to transcript in light of their activities and achievements. A saint is somebody we value, similar to our first teddy bear when we were youthful. My saint is my mother. I’ve been in this world for a long time at this point and everything I can say is that I thank god for making the ladies that made me that I can rely upon whenever and call my mom.After all the terrible and harsh occasions, put downs and fall downs I experienced; there was just a single individual that could bear my life. After all the slip- ups I've done through the previous years, it was her who got me out. Furthermore, those occasions when I was grief stricken or confounded insane, it was her who offered me guidance. There is no other individual you can confide in enough to reveal to them everything about occurs in your life, and it is extremely unlikely you can discover somebody that would think about you like a mother would.Whose name rings a bell when you hear the word â€Å"hero. † A legend is an individual you appreciate, gaze upward to, and have regard for. A saint is somebody you need to transcript due to their activities and achievements. A legend is somebody we love, similar to our first teddy bear when we were youthful. My saint is my mother. I’ve been in this world for a long time at this point and everything I can say is that I thank god for making the ladies that made me that I can rely upon whenever and call my mom.After all the terrible and unpleasant occasions, put downs and fall downs I experienced; there was just a single individual that could persevere through my life. After all the errors I've done through the previous years, it was her who got me out. Furthermore, those occasions when I was grief stricken or confounded crazy, it was her who offered me guidance. There is no other individual you can confide in enough to disclose to them everything about occurs in your life, and it is extremely unlikely you can discover somebody that would think about you like a mother would.

Virginia Techs Commencement

Virginia Tech’s Commencement As Virginia Tech held its Commencement recently, the media once again started using the c word, closure, the all too convenient word people use about moving on. Closure has become an amazingly overused word in the face of tragic events, giving those who observe from afar a word for what others should do in the face of tragedy. Whether thinking about Oklahoma City, the events of September 11th or Virginia Tech, the closure word shows up constantly in our language. But perhaps closure is the wrong goal. It suggests that we get over it while the only goal you can really have is to get used to it. Perhaps this is why time is a major ingredient in healing. I have always had a gut feeling that the whole closure thing was wrong, but it wasnt until I heard Ed Linethals talk The Predicament of Aftermath: Reflections on 9-11 and Oklahoma City that I understood the human reactions toward trauma and memorialization and the complex issues around dealing with a huge tragedy. Linenthal is Professor of History at Indiana University, Editor of the Journal of American History, and author of The Unfinished Bombing: Oklahoma City in American Memory. In the past five years, I have watched all 429 videos that are published on MIT World, however no talk has influenced me more or stayed in my consciousness as much as this talk. Ed Linenthal has enabled many to understand the human response to tragic events and the impulse to memorialize innocent victims of horrific events. He documents with incredible insight and compassion, the unsolicited memorial response to the Oklahoma City bombing and details the development of what became the Field of Empty Chairs and other memorials at the bombing site. This talk was one of 13 of The Resilient City series sponsored by the Joint Program in City Design and Development, the Department of Urban Studies and Planning, and the School of Architecture at MIT. This is an incredibly insightful talk. I first watched it in 2002, and have watched it several times since. His deeper understanding of the human dimensions of memorial responses has given me a way to think, now about Virginia Tech, as it did during the year following September 11th.

Example Translation Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1946 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Translation from a major language into a minor one is very different from translating in the opposite direction. Introduction It has been suggested that minority languages are not even acknowledged in many parts of the world, and where acknowledgement does exist they are defined as uncultured, primitive,simple dialects because they have been suppressed by the more dominant,official languages. Lotman and Uspensky believe the structure of language must be at the centre of every culture for it to survive, describing languages the heart within the body of culture and putting into perspective the distinctions between a language accepted as minor, and that which is a flourishing major language (Lotman and Uspensky 1978, Pages 211 32). Research into minor languages, however, reveals a taxonomic sophistication that adequately expressed its speakers cognitive requirements synchronically, but has not evolved adequately to incorporate the plethora of technological terminology that dominant languages encompass with relative ease, resulting in many loan words taken from the influence of adjacent major languages . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Example Translation Essay" essay for you Create order Many minor languages die out as their speakers age, but some undergo a revival as enthusiasts propound the benefits of their continued value. The fundamental difficulty within many of the minority languages today, however, continues to be one often minology, described asa semiotic science of cognitive and communicative organisation of knowledge (Myking, 1997) and considered to be the central discipline or the common denominator for all the aspects of a translators work (Holljen, Translation Journal, 1999, January). Most minority languages are often not particularly suited to adequate translation in terms of modern concepts and technologies and are more inclined towards maintaining the socio-linguistic aspects associated with those languages, as recognised by Holljen: The scientific aspect of any languages dependent on the vocabulary of that language. The possibility must be retained for people to be able to express themselves in any given field in their mother tongue, no matter on which level of abstraction ( Holljen, Translation Journal, 1999,January). Some of these minority language groups, such as the Nordic languages, are now utilising language planning techniques to standardise their natural languages rather than indiscriminately incorporating loan words from technically advanced languages such as English. As a result, NORDTERM has spearheaded the campaign for a standardisation procedure across Finland, Norway and Sweden, designated the Nordic Terminological Record Format (Holljen, Translation Journal, 1999,January), supported by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages to protect and support historical, regional and minority languages in Europe (Part I, Article 1, Council of Europe, https://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN.htm). Discussion We cannot yet specify satisfactorily just what we mean by a perfect language (Aitchison,1991, pp. 214) Toury noted that Translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural traditions (Toury 1978:200). Nida concurred, adding that, if the cultural and linguistic disparity was particularly great the socio-linguistic facet would be more of a problem (Nida, 1964, Page 130). The potential difficulties in translating major languages into minor languages can be illustrated through the concept of the space of possibilities upon which utterances based on context provide a background for semantic representations of inferred language that might be spoken or, equally, left unspoken and from which linguistic form triggers interpretation rather than conveying information (Winograd and Flores 1986, p.57), contributing to external influences which, with memorised sequences and pre-cognitive learning (Gutt,1991, p.26), can all be attributed to a meanings intertextuality, or all pervasive textual phenomenon (Hatim, 1997a, Page 29). Newmark identifies cultural,technical or linguistic disparity that might require a translator to add extra information to maintain intelligibility (Newmark, 1988, Page 91) whilst Hatim considers inter textual information provides the various textual clues(Hatim, 1997b, Page 200). A translator initially needs to identify inter textual markers and then evaluate the implications for understanding by the target audience when translated, particularly difficult in cases of extreme cultural diversity, or implicates in Bakers terminology (1992, Pages 71 77).Baker suggests translators may attempt literal translation, cultural substitution, elaboration and explication, translation by omission or transliteration through retaining the source language within parts of the text. Hatim and Masons model of context takes into account the context of culture with its aspects of ideology and sets of values (Caldas-Coulthard, 2000a, Page 2), reinforced by Hoeys connective pattern which highlights the more predominant points due to paradigmatic and syntagmatic properties of lexical priming (Hoey, 1991: 82), established in the West Greenlandic language, or kalaallit oqaasii (or kalaallisut) (Petersen,in Collis, 1990: 294), through the highly developed inflectional use of nominal and verbal paradigms (Fortescue, in Collis, 1990: 309) and which, with its spelling and pronunciation alterations being contingent upon grammatical and lexical requirements, provides an excellent illustration. West Greenlandic is a deeply inflected, polysynthetic language, heavily influenced and dependent upon the concepts of theme and rhyme, and reliant on the positions of Subject and Object to develop an adequate semantic and pragmatic morphology (Fortescue,in Collis, 1990: 309). The resource [for] making meaning (Gerot and Wignell, 1995: 6) is notably, in West Greenlandic,realised through a ver y long string of words built up from bases and associated affixes whose meanings describe, very adequately, the sparse surrounding landscapes in very accurate and specific terms, less appropriate, however, for evolving technology. These inter textual messages are a necessary precondition for the intelligibility of texts (Hatim and Mason, 1997, Page 219) without which only partial understanding could possibly be achieved. Inter textual reference provides a semiotic approach which can link previous text to define tenuous meanings although precedence should be intentionality over informational content (Hatim and Mason, 1990, Page 136) maintaining semiotic status and lexical devices in terms of cohesion and coherence to ensure that translation continues to make sense, retains its original tone/voice and engages the intended response from the target reader. Sapir recognised the disparity between individuals cognitive environments, commenting that No two languages are ever sufficie ntly similar to be considered as representing the same social reality (Sapir, 1956, Page 69). This recognition that translation is not just a transfer of information between languages, but a transfer from one culture to another (Hervey et al, 1995, Page 20)controversially requires translators to acquire adequate understanding and empathy of a particular culture to enable the necessary inter textual cues to be recognised and available for transfer into language use. Modern German has sixteen forms for reiten, whereas Old English had thirteen forms of ridan'[both meaning to ride] (Coates, 2004). Over time these inflections became lost which added to the flexibility of language used, e.g. nominalisation;additions of pre- or -suffixes, and word-blending, e.g. the Norse word rein meaning deer added to the Old English word deer meaning animal giving a literal meaning deer-animal. Evidence of this concept is still apparent in the innumerable lexemes associated with the concept of sno w in West Greenlandic The vastly controversial Sapir-Whorf hypothesis also recognises these constraints that can be placed on communications within the concepts of cognitive experiences, according to principles of linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity, with subscription to language being utilised in order to discern differences between agents. Lexicaland grammatical devices add to the flexibility of language used, e.g. nominalisation, with additions such as suffixes or post-bases, inflectional endings and portmanteau verbs contributing to the rich diversity of this languages morph-syntactic adaptability. Strong determinism associated with the Arctic traditions evolved from mans close proximity to nature which, in turn, shaped their concept of language realised through cognitive thought (Maclean,in Collis, 1990: 164). The difficulty in translation, however, occurs through the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis which acknowledges everyday word usage taking a rather flexible p osition in a typical Kalaallit sentence, with markers to identify their relation to other lexemes (Maclean, in Collis, 1990: 164).These Kalaallit characteristics can be explained through the theory of reference in relation to the semantic relation between an element in the text and some other element that is crucial to the interpretation of it(Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 8), with lexical priming (Crystal, 2003:162) providing the cohesion that displays an expectancy relations between words (Eggins, 1994: 101) in accordance with Nunans model whereby randomsentences are distinguished[through] the existence of certain text-forming, cohesive devices (Nunan, 1993: 59). West Greenlandic relies on the static nature of word-internal morphemes. If their order was changed, the utterance would lose its full impetus and implications. The implications of local and global meanings are revealed through code-switching, i.e. switching the positions of over 400 post-bases and 300 inflectional en dings to achieve con notational and denotational meanings, the signals for retrieval'(Caldas-Coulthard, 2000: 5) which can be demonstrated through reference in the form of an exophoric or endophoric context within an utterance where cohesion lies in the continuity of reference (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 31). The syntax of this language reveals a major problem when translating languages such as Kalallit into major languages. Fortes cue suggests that A particularly characteristic trait of the language is the re cursiveness of its morphologyitsword-order is fairly free; it is a non-configurational language (citedin Collis, 1990: 311) resulting in a global freedom which can, conversely create a strong cohesive bond between lexical items[that]cohere with a preceding occurrence even with different referents (Haliday andHasan, 1976: 283), a feature Hoey describes as the study of patterns of lexis in text (Hoey, 1991: 10). Stoddard explained the coherence factor exhibited through cohesive devices whichmight be expected to occur most frequently might also be expected to exhibit the most fruitful network patterns[and the] types of cohesion which are global in nature might be expected to exhibit the most common patterns (Stoddard, 1991: 32), especially pertinent to the syntax of Kalaallit. A particularly interesting concept in translation that reveals the ethos between translating from any minor languageinto a major language and vice versa is the translation of poetry, recognised by Bassnett (1991, Page 101) who describes a gulf between cultures through distance in time and space. Thai poetry, for example, reveals the representation of jai, or mind of the writer, lacking appropriate morphemes to provide a suitable translation, explained as just pretty words, nice sounds to show you that the words are feeling words (Conlon,2005). The translator needs to decide whether to maintain the ethos of the target language, or to aim for literary significance, desc ribed by Bassnett as modernisation as opposed to archaisation (Bassnett, 1991), or to follow Lukes principle of maintaining comprehensibility by providing a chain of signifier in the target language (Luke and Vaget, 1988: 121). Conclusion This essay focused on the difficulties associated with translation from a major language into a minor one which is a very different concept from translating in the opposite direction for various reasons, not least the differences between cultures[which] may cause more severe complications for the translator than do differences in language structure (Nida, 1964:130). The socio-linguistic aspects of translation are more profound when a major language is being translated into aminor one, evidence of which can be observed through the cognitive-conceptual significance of Kalaallit which, together with its specific connotation and denotation, is directly associated with their dependence upon survival in an inhospitable terrain. This factor has contributed to the highly specialised differentiation of its morphological characteristic, utilising a switch-reference system in preference to the development of a more syntactic-based language (Petersen, in Collis, 1990: 294), a feature that is often present in minor languages through the dependence of their speakers on ever-changing features of the landscape for survival, requiring an awareness of language planning according to Holljen (1999, January, Translation Journal). Whilst there are various difficulties associated with translating from a minor language to a major one, these are mainly represented through expressing elusive cognitive meanings into these mantics of more prosaic terminology. However, major languages are representative of fairly well documented cultures whose ways of life, whilst not necessarily familiar, do not represent totally unknown and incomprehensible traditions and, coupled with well-established linguistic understanding, makes the task of translating an abstract concept from a minor language less arduous than attempting to establish sufficient empathy to adapt technological terminology from a major language into a more fundamental vocabulary.

Essay Judo Economics - 1758 Words

PROBLEM SET # 3 JUDO ECONOMICS The Problem is premised on the following phased structure; | Decision Maker | Decisions To Be Made | Stage 1 | Entrant | Whether to enter or opt out | Stage 2 | Entrant | Set up the price(Pe) and the number of target customers(T) | Stage 3 | Incumbent | Whether to fight or accommodate; 1) Price war 2) Set up the price for remaining customers (100-T) | Stage 4 | Buyer | Consumers buy from whoever offers them the highest surplus. There is no cost to capacity. | The Entrant’s strategy in Q No.1-3 have been chalked out through the technique of â€Å"looking forward and reasoning backward† i .e. in the light of what the other party namely Incumbent may do under different circumstances QUESTION 1:†¦show more content†¦And the maximum payoff (as per [3] above) for serving 50 customers will be (150 – 100) x 50= $2500. QUESTION 2: ASSUMPTIONS: * Each buyer is willing to pay $200 for one unit of the Incumbent’s (I) AND $160 for the Entrant’s (E) product * I and E have a $100 and $120 unit cost respectively * In view of Stage 2, only buyers targeted by the Entrant can buy there from while the rest can only purchase from the Incumbent. POSSIBLE SCENARIOS * If the Entrant opts not to enter * Entrant may save a nominal, irrecoverable entry cost but the payoff will be 0. * The Incumbent will reap the entire profit which will be (200 – 100) x 100 = $10000 * If the Entrant does enter two possibilities; accommodation or price war * If the Incumbent opts to fight, it may benefit from the Entrant’s higher unit cost and therefore still capture the entire market though at less profit margin. Since the willingness to pay for the Incumbent is $40 more than that for the Entrant, the former can fix any price at 40 more than whichever price fixed by the Entrant. So for any price fixed by the Entrant (Pe),the Incumbent’s price will be given by, Pi = Pe + 40 ∠i = (Pe + 40 – C) x 100 ∠i = (Pe + 40 - 100) x 100 = 100 x Pe –6,000 -------------------- [1] * Opt to accommodate the incumbent the target of the Incumbent will just 100-T customers.Show MoreRelatedPromoting Judo to Tier A Elite Sport in Hong Kong Essay1150 Words   |  5 Pagessports, for instance, Judo, soccer and basketball. The issue of whether Judo should be included in Hong Kong Elite Sports (Tier A) has been discussed for several years among scholars and universities in Hong Kong. Despite strong objection from HKSI, however, Judo should be included in the Hong Kong Elite Sports (Tier A), for it brings advantages to the spreading of Judo spirit, intensifies support for elite Judo athletes and the HKSI, and promotes Hong Kong’s economic growth. â€Å"Judo for all† has beenRead MoreBrazil Sports - An Important Part of Brazilian Culture2813 Words   |  12 Pageshe seventh largest economy in the world and is expected to rise to fifth within the next several years (Brazil: Economy, 2011). The country focuses on economic growth and poverty through: sound fiscal management, inflation control, investing, exporting and a floating exchange rate. 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They key to itRead MoreInternational Journal of Business and Social Science9147 Words   |  37 PagesStrategies Offensive Strategies ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § Launch a frontal attack Launch a flanking attack Launch a guerrilla attack Engage in strategic encirclement Engage in predatory strategy Seek undefended markets Engage in underdog strategy Engage in Judo strategy Engage in the pivot and the hammer strategy 3.1 Launch a Frontal Attack Frontal attack is an offensive strategy that involves attacking a competitor head-on. Frontal attacks can be pure frontal attacks by going after the customers of theRead MoreAn X-Ray of Japan1574 Words   |  6 Pages The autumn in Japan, from September to November, Light breezes and cooler temperatures of around 46 to 50 degrees Fahrenheit are experienced. Sports in Japan consist of Sumo, Kendo, Aikido, Judo and Karate. Sumo wrestling is Japan’s national sport. 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Freedom Of Expression Is Protected By Article 10 Of The...

1 INTRODUCTION ‘Any restraint on press freedom is a risk to freedom and democracy itself.’ Despite this there are many restraints the press face; when defaming a person, reporting from the Youth Court, reporting previous convictions if in contempt of court, inter alias. This paper will focus on the Leveson Inquiry and the controversy which led to the inquiry itself. In particular, it will evaluate the consequences to a democratic society by implementing the restrictions recommended by the Leveson Report, and the supposed disregard for public interest. 2 EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Freedom of expression is protected by Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Speech is inclusive of freedom of expression.†¦show more content†¦The Information Commission Office (ICO) has expressed that ‘â€Å"both privacy and freedom of expression are of special importance in a democratic society, and neither consideration automatically trumps the other.’ A conundrum arises when balancing the contradicting rights. The UK has a reputation for protecting individuals privacy, as seen in Douglas v Hello. On the contrary, there is also an ‘extraordinary protection’ afforded to freedom of expression in the UK, especially to the Press. There is now a well established test derived from Campbell, in which one must reasonably expect privacy. PRIVACY 3 THE LEVESON INQUIRY In 2011, Lord Justice Brian Leveson carried out a 16 month inquiry into the Culture, Practices and Ethics of the British Press, as ordered by Prime Minister David Cameron under the Inquiry Act 2005. This became widely known as ‘The Leveson Inquiry’. The inquiry was a result of the preceding phone hacking scandals from the News of the World, into both celebrities and victims such as Mollie Dowler. The inquiry, whilst being deeply intrusive into the businesses practices and attitudes of the press, highlighted the issue of newspapers breaching phone owners’ private lives, often not public figures. The phone hacking was an offence in itself under Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (RIPA), and journalists such as Clive Goodman were arrested and sentenced to

Applying Ethical Frameworks in Practice free essay sample

Patient confidentiality is essential in developing a trusting relationship between a healthcare worker and the patient. Confidentiality means that the patients personal and medical information that is given to a health care provider will not be disclosed to others unless the patient has given permission for the information to be released (Confidentiality, 2014). There are situations where a breach of confidentiality may occur and is acceptable. These situations include information when an individual has been diagnosed with a specific disease, such as Tuberculosis or an injury, such as a gunshot wound. Other situations may be when there is evidence that the patient may cause harm to himself or others. The nursing profession is one that promises to abide by the laws of patient confidentiality. Protecting the patients’ rights is guaranteed by both common law-which is the decisions of the courts, and statute law-which is passed by Parliament (O’Dowd, 2014). This commitment to the patient helps preserve high quality care for that patient, as disclosing important information between the patient and nurse, is essential for the patient to receive the appropriate medical care. We will write a custom essay sample on Applying Ethical Frameworks in Practice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Patients put their trust into the nurse, as they expect the nurse to respect their privacy, when that trust is broken, the relationship between the nurse and patient declines. Losing the trust is one of the ethical implications that may occur when a breach of confidentiality occurs. Other ethical implications that can occur are disciplinary action by the employer, disciplinary proceedings under the health professionals regulatory statute, and a fine may be imposed (Patient Confidentiality, n. d. ). Pamela G. Nathanson wrote an article in reference to an episode of NBC’s ER which reveals an ER nurse who faces an ethical dilemma in regards to patient confidentiality. The ER nurse has made a promise to two fourteen year old girls that she will not disclose any medical information to their parents. The girls trust the nurse that she will keep her promise; therefore, they disclose their personal concerns. One of the girls test positive for a serious medical condition, at this point, the ER nurse has reached an ethical dilemma. She needs to make an ethical decision as to whether or not she should disclose the information to the young girls’ parents. In this situation, the ER nurse has made the appropriate decision to have a breach of confidentiality and inform the young girls’ parents of their daughters’ medical condition. In understanding ethical theories and/or ethical principles, this has assisted the ER nurse in making the correct decision. Ethical theories and principles guide individuals in making decisions. When using ethical theories to determine an appropriate decision, the theory must be directed towards a common set of goals, which are ethical principles (Rainbow, 2002). The ER nurses’ goal is to ensure that the young girl receives the appropriate medical treatment for her condition. Ethical principles that can relate to this situation are beneficence, which is to do what is good and least harm, which is to do the least harm to an individual. In looking at ethical theories, using Deontology and Utilitarianism is useful in that Deontology relates to the nurses obligations and duties to disclose the information and Utilitarianism relates to being able to foresee the consequences of actions if the information is not disclosed. A utilitarian looks at what is the greatest benefit for that individual (Rainbow, 2002). When an individual is confronted with an ethical dilemma, using an ethical-decision making model is useful. This type of model assists in breaking down all the facts and individuals’ involved in the dilemma and helps to develop possible alternatives to address the dilemma. It guides ones’ decision making from an objective, cognitive perspective, rather than an emotional perspective (GCU, 2014). In the article discussed, the ER nurse can incorporate an ethical-decision making model to make the most appropriate decision. First is to address who is involved and what the actual dilemma entails and identify the ethical dilemma. Next, she can look at the situation at hand and determine how her own personal values see this issue and determine what alternatives can be used to help resolve the dilemma. Once the alternative actions are decided upon, the ER nurse can look at each one and decide if they conflict with her own personal values. If so, she may need to get another health care provider involved to eliminate any biases. In the article, the nurse is advised by the physician that the girls’ parents need to be informed; therefore, guiding her into making the appropriate decision. The next step is to prioritize the acceptable alternatives from most acceptable to least acceptable. The alternatives in the articles dilemma can be 1). The young girl informing her parents herself. The implication with this alternative is that most likely she will not inform her parents. 2). The nurse informing the parents of their daughters medical condition. The implication here is that the patient will not feel she can trust the nurse; however, by choosing this alternative, the decision is in the best interest of the child and 3). Not disclosing information at all. The implications here is that the minor child will not receive the appropriate care needed which will cause further harm. The significance in using this model is to ensure that the appropriate ethical decision is made. Ethics committees are available as well to assist and guide when ethical dilemmas occur. In regards to the article, an ethical committee can discuss the alternatives and make recommendations, still keeping in line with the patients’ rights. These committees focus on issues of morality, patient autonomy, legislation, and states’ interest. They have a significant influence on decision making and the power to influence a judge or jury (GCU, 2014). Ethical dilemmas will always be in a health care professionals’ daily work. Using ethical theories and principles will guide health care professionals in making the most appropriate ethical decision. Following these theories and principles will ensure that the patient is receiving the best quality care that they deserve. References

Drug addiction and its effects

Introduction Did you know that Drug Addiction is a Disease? Many people refer to it as behavioral problem but it impacts the brain hence a chronic brain disease. Drug addicts become obsessed with drugs such that they always want to take more. This is normally as a result of changes that occur to the brain.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Drug addiction and its effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The victim becomes reliant on drugs, and thus he/she does not take them voluntarily. Drug addiction is a community disease since everybody is impacted including public health programs. This research paper therefore will aim at discussing the causes, signs and symptoms, effects and help for drug addiction to portray it as negative vice both to individuals and the society as a whole. Causes of Drug Addiction The main cause of drug addiction is, obviously, the use of drugs but there are specific predictors maki ng some people engage in drug abuse. One of these causes is continued exposure to drugs. This may be from peers or even family. Thus it is more likely for a person who lives under exposure to drugs at his/her early years to become an addict in adult life, than a counterpart who spends his/her childhood without exposure. For the aforementioned case of influence by family members, a person may be introduced to drugs by his/her siblings, or he/she may even copy what his/her parents do regarding the use of drugs. There is also the issue of drugs being available to a person. This can potentially lead the person to use them, and eventually lead to addiction. Additionally, genetics may also play an important role in determining whether a person will become a drug addict. This is because genetics are associated with dispositions that may make a person prone to drug abuse. An addictive personality is normally characterized by a number of addictions, and relapse into the use of drugs after re habilitation (Mork 1). Other causes include poor family environment where the parent-child bond is poor therefore without a figurehead to guide him/her, one can easily end up engaging in drug use. One may also have psychological problems making a person vulnerable to drug abuse. Finally an individual’s personality may determine level of resistance to drug abuse compared to others (Mork 1).Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Symptoms of addiction to drugs The symptoms of addiction to drugs are constant with different drugs. Firstly if one is neglecting his/her responsibilities at work or even school because of the drugs. Secondly is doing dangerous things or taking risks when on drugs for example driving. Addiction can be seen if one is often involved in legal trouble or breaking the law when high for example being arrested or even stealing to get more drugs. Fourth ly if on drugs one causes problems in relationships for example often fighting with partners, family members and friends. Another sign is if a person loses control of drug use and starts using more drugs than usual or planned to use. This is portrayed when one wants to stop using but is powerless. Another common pointer to addiction is increased tolerance to drugs. This is exhibited in form of ability to take large volumes of drugs without being adversely affected. Another sign of addiction is the need to use drugs in an attempt to stop symptoms of withdrawal (Smith 1). It has also been noticed that a number of people live a kind of life that revolves around drugs; thinking about drugs all the time, and using them most of the time. Another sign is if a person finds himself abandoning the activities once enjoyed like sports, reading or other hobbies because often one is engaging in drug abuse. Finally if a person cannot stop using drugs and he/she knows they are hurting him/her in te rms o health like infections, depression, mood swings or even blackouts then that is a sign of addiction due to excess drug use (Smith 1). Effects of addiction to drugs Most of these effects are dictated by the specific drug that a person uses. However, there are common effects associated with drug addiction. One of such effects is the psychological problems associated with drug addicts. In the progressive stages of addiction the effects are dangerous especially in terms of health. Drug addiction is also associated with a myriad of diseases including include heart diseases, diseases of the lungs, or even brain damage. A person may also get HIV/AIDS which occurs after sharing of syringes during drug injection with an infected person (Kartha 1).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Drug addiction and its effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Secondly there are Psychological and Social effects where you find that once a person becomes an addict he/she cannot control use of drugs and hence powerless. If they do not use the drugs, they may start feeling restless, depressed, sweating, shaking, and anxious. This makes them crave for more usage of drugs. In every country in the world most drugs are usually illegal and hence accessing them makes it expensive and, for those who cannot afford they may start stealing to buy drugs. This leads to increased crime rates in our society. Some people may also engage in prostitution or even sell their own properties to get money to buy drugs (Kartha 1). Drug addiction affects a person’s social life negatively where one’s relationships with family and friends is impacted. An addict usually may turn violent when high and hence this may lead to break down of families, loosing friends and loved ones. This is also portrayed in the professional life of an addict where he/she cannot concentrate on the job due to the drugs. This brings down the p erformance of a person at work and that might cost him/her job (Kartha1). Treatment of Drug Addiction Drug addiction is treatable though difficult. The first step is for the addict to accept that he/she has a problem which if not treated is dangerous to the people around him including his/her own family. There are various forms and stages of treatment. Treatment can be done through medication but it is used in conjunction with other treatment processes. The next is withdrawal where medication can be employed to suppress the withdrawal symptoms. However medication is not advisable since sometimes patients who withdraw through medication are almost similar to those who have not been treated. Virtually all the medications used in drug addiction cases are designed to deal with the psychology of the addict so that he/she will not long for drugs (â€Å"Treatment Approaches to Drug Addiction† 1). Another form of treatment is the treatment of the behavior of the addict. It is designe d to help a patient â€Å"engage in the treatment process, modify their attitudes and behaviors related to drug abuse, and increase healthy life skills.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These treatments are designed in such a way that they have a cumulative effect of effectiveness of the rehabilitation process (â€Å"Treatment Approaches for Drug Addiction† 1). There are various behavioral approaches which can be used to treat drug addiction. Firstly we have Outpatient behavioral treatment which may include individual and group counseling, therapy, motivational interviewing and incentives. Residential treatments are also used especially for more severe addicts. In these treatments, it is mandatory for a patient to spend time in a rehabilitation center until he/she is considered cured. An example is the TCs. â€Å"TCs differ from other treatment approaches principally in their use of the community—treatment staff and those in recovery—as a key agent of change to influence patient attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors associated with drug use† (â€Å"Treatment Approach to Drug Addiction† 1). Prevention of Drug Abuse and Addiction Fi rstly a person should recognize the signs which may include change in ones appearance, weight loss, sleeping at odd hours, losing interest in work or school, changes in a person’s social life and poor emotional health among others. Secondly a person should spot the dangers where if the drugs are prescriptions from doctors he/she should follow it to the letter. If it is a drug like alcohol if possible avoid and to adults they should if they must drink the recommended amounts. Thirdly is through communication which helps a lot in preventing drug use especially among young people. This should come from parents, teachers and all leaders in our society about the effects of drugs use (Vaux 1). Conclusion From the above causes, signs and symptoms, effects, treatment and ways of preventing drug abuse and addiction, it is clear that everybody in our society is somehow affected both directly and indirectly. Millions of dollars are used by governments, charities and individuals to try a nd curb drug abuse and addiction but the issue still remains a challenge too hot to let go no matter the costs. We cannot let part of our society turn out to be like the picture in the next page. A drugs free society is a healthy society. (Volkow 1) Works Cited Mork, Rachel. â€Å"Causes of Drug Addiction† n.d-2010. Web. Smith, Saisan. â€Å"Signs, Symptoms, and Help for Drug Problems and Substance Abuse† 2010. Web. Kartha, Deepa. â€Å"Effects of Drug Addiction† 2009-2011. Web. NIDA InfoFacts. â€Å"Treatment Approaches for Drug Addiction†. 2010-2011. Web. Vaux, Robert. â€Å"What Are the Ways to Prevent Drug Addiction?†2005-2010. Web. Volkow, Nora, â€Å"What Do We Know About Drug Addiction?† 2005. Web. This research paper on Drug addiction and its effects was written and submitted by user Doc Samson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Platypus Facts (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)

Platypus Facts (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) The platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) is an unusual mammal. In fact, when its discovery was first reported in 1798, British scientists thought the creature was a hoax made by stitching together parts of other animals. The platypus has webbed feet, a bill like a duck, lays eggs, and males have venomous spurs. The plural form of platypus is a matter of some dispute. Scientists typically use platypuses or platypus. Many people use platypi. Technically, the proper Greek plural is platypodes. Fast Facts: Platypus Scientific Name: Ornithorhynchus anatinusCommon Names: Platypus, duck-billed platypusBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 17-20 inchesWeight: 1.5-5.3 poundsLifespan: 17 yearsDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: Eastern Australian including TasmaniaPopulation: ~50,000Conservation Status: Near Threatened Description The platypus has a keratin bill, a broad flattened tail, and webbed feet. Its dense, waterproof fur is dark brown, becoming paler around its eyes and on its belly. The male has one venomous spur on each hind limb. Males are larger than females, but size and weight varies considerably from one individual to another. The average male is 20 inches in length, while females are around 17 inches long. Adults weigh anywhere from 1.5 to 5.3 pounds. The male platypus has a venomous spur on its hind limb. Auscape, Getty Images Habitat and Distribution The platypus lives along streams and rivers in eastern Australia, including Tasmania. It is extinct in South Australia, except for an introduced population on Kangaroo Island. Platypuses live in diverse climates, ranging from tropical rainforests to cold mountains. Platypus distribution (red: native; yellow: introduced). Tentotwo, Creative Commons License Diet and Behavior Platypuses are carnivores. They hunt worms, shrimp, insect larvae, and crayfish at dawn, dusk, and night. The platypus closes its eyes, ears, and nose when it dives and moves its bill from side to side, much like a hammerhead shark. It relies on a combination of mechanosensors and electrosensors in its bill to map its surroundings. The mechanosensors detect touch and movement, while the electrosensors sense tiny electrical charges released by muscle contractions in living organisms. The only other mammal to use electroreception to seek prey is a species of dolphin. Reproduction and Offspring Except for the echidna and platypus, mammals give birth to live young. Echidnas and platypuses are monotremes, which lay eggs. The platypus mates once each year during the breeding season, which occurs between June and October. Normally, a platypus lives a solitary life in a burrow above the water level. After mating, the male departs for his own burrow, while the female digs a deeper burrow with plugs to control environmental conditions and protect her eggs and young. She lines her nest with leaves and grass and lays between one and three eggs (usually two). The eggs are small (under half an inch) and leathery. She curls around her eggs to incubate them. The eggs hatch after about 10 days. The hairless, blind young drink milk released by pores in the mothers skin. The offspring nurse for about four months before emerging from the burrow. At birth, both male and female platypuses have spurs and teeth. The teeth drop out when the animals are very young. The females spurs drop off before she is a year old. A platypus reaches sexual maturity in its second year. In the wild, a platypus lives at least 11 years. They have been known to reach 17 years of age in captivity. Conservation Status The IUCN classifies the platypus conservation status as near threatened. Researchers estimate the number of mature animals anywhere between 30,000 and 300,000, usually settling on a number around 50,000. Threats Although protected since 1905, platypus numbers have been decreasing. The species faces habitat disruption from irrigation, dams, and pollution. Disease is a significant factor in Tasmania. However, the most significant threat is reduced water availability from human use and droughts caused by climate change. The Platypus and Humans The platypus is not aggressive. While its sting may be fatal to smaller animals, such as dogs, there has never been a documented human fatality. The animals venom contains defensin-like proteins (DLPs) that cause swelling and excruciating pain. Additionally, a sting results in heightened pain sensitivity that may persist for days or months. If you want to see a living platypus, you have to travel to Australia. As of 2017, only select aquariums in Australia house the animals. The Healesville Sanctuary in Victoria and the Taronga Zoo in Sydney have successfully bred platypuses in captivity. Sources Cromer, Erica. Monotreme Reproductive Biology and Behavior. Iowa State University. April 14, 2004.Grant, Tom. The platypus: a unique mammal. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-86840-143-0.Groves, C.P. Order Monotremata. In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 2, 2005. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.Moyal, Ann Mozley. Platypus: The Extraordinary Story of How a Curious Creature Baffled the World. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-8018-8052-0.Woinarski, J. A.A Burbidge. Ornithorhynchus anatinus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T40488A21964009. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T40488A21964009.en

Is the ceation of israel justified Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Is the ceation of israel justified - Essay Example This did not go well with the Arabs and this is the contributing factor in the instability in the Middle East. Both the Israeli and the Arabs maintain that they have a valid reason to own their present occupied land with many controversies on the ownership of the Gaza strip and West bank. The Israeli, on the other hand, have decided to partition their territory, which the Palestine strongly feels, is a serious encroachment into their land, this is following increased bombing attacks from the Palestine part. On the other hand, the Palestinians have strongly opposed the construction of the partition wall claiming that its construction will hinder their itinerary across the land and have appealed to the UN to stop the construction. Even with the persistent war over the ownership of the contested territories, there have been numerous unsuccessful attempts to find a solution diplomatically to the problem in the Middle East. but the non-cooperating partners have frustrated them when it com es to compromising for a solution to be realized. The Perspective of the Israeli on the Formation of the Jews State The Jews strongly believed that the formation of the Israeli state was justified and that they deserved it. ... s are used by the Jews to assert their occupation of the Israeli State; The Holocaust This is one of the justification that the Jews are using to explain their logics behind the creation of the Israeli state. The holocaust was a period immediately before the outbreak of the Second World War; it was presided by the Germany dictator, Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party. During this time, approximately six million Jews were murdered in one of the worst genocides in the world history. The Jews faced opposition by the Germans and through the order given by Hitler, they were supposed to be eliminated and wiped out of existence. This mass murder witnessed about two-thirds of the nine million Jews in Europe murdered, in the breakdown of the persecution; about one million children, two million women, and three million men of the Jews origin were killed in the systematic state sponsored killing. Because of the unbearable situation in Europe, the Jews had no option but to consider going back to the land they occupied long time but the Arabs then occupied it. In order to realize this, they used the British presence in the Middle East to make a comeback after fleeing the widespread persecution that was ordained by Hitler in Europe. For the Jews going back to occupy the present Israel State is thus a case of going back to occupy a land that they had abandoned. Given the fact that even the Arabs (the Palestinian) in the land are also not the true owners of the land, they claim that there is no better squatter than the other is. They believe that just as the Arabs have the right to live in the area, they also have equal right. They previously occupied the land before scattering all over the world, and the Israeli use this to delegitimize the claims by the Arabs that they have invaded the

Education Assignment 1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Education 1 - Assignment Example The majorities of the schools have deserted conventional means of exchange of ideas and made to order techniques that are based on knowledge and technology. Nearly every one of the schools has made use of network based exchange of ideas systems. In these circumstances, the schools make use of computers and sets of connections to be in touch with families. The schools also use constituency web sites to be linked with families and other citizens (Kowalski, 2010). In addition, the schools have employed electronic newsletters to help improve communication with other people in the society. Like other schools, my school uses different types of technologies to communicate with families. First, the school uses district web sites to communicate with families (Kowalski, 2010). The district administrators have developed a wide range of web sites that schools and families can use to interact. The schools post information on the websites and then the families access the information. The websites have been created well to let families and society members browse the sites. In addition, the sites make available areas where the families can mail their commentary. With the exception of using websites, the school makes use of electronic newsletters to make a statement with them. The school managers and administrators send electronic messages to parents. The school makes cards which are forwarded to parents. The techniques mentioned have been successful as indicated by good association between the school and parents. The school has been capable to work mutually with the parents to make better learners’ performance and the general presentation of the education (Kowalski, 2010). Computer technology associations are significant to schools and regions as they assist in making accurate announcement to parents and the society. Schools require directing the produce, media outlets and electronic messages so as to advertisement positive relationships. Technology association procedur e assists schools in the progress of their technology associations and improves their association with people and parents. Majority of the schools have not adopted good technology associations and this has interfered with communication with parents and society. Schools can make use of different methods to better their media associations and the school system (Kowalski, 2010). The specialized discipline of planned public associations offers a lot of remuneration to organizations. It assists them avoid and alleviate crises. Additionally, it also permits them to recognize and direct issues that may get in the way with their goals. It also allows them in structuring and maintaining quality associations with planned societies. 3. School administrators ought to encourage exposed announcement so as to be capable of developing constructive relations and improving partnerships. Most of the education centers are not capable to uphold open exchange of ideas, and this affects media relationship deficiently. The administrators of these schools should hold up free communication so as to develop high-quality relationship with press journalists (Kowalski, 2010). The managers and administrators of the schools should support empowerment. They must approve the press personnel and extra people involved. Through motivating the press, human resources and other community members assist in easing the association betwe

The Origins of Hip Hop | Essay

The Origins of Hip Hop | Essay 1. Introduction Hip Hop was born in the early 1970s amongst poverty and gang violence in the South Bronx. In the beginning of Hip Hop DJing, MCing, graffiti writing, and break dancing were used as a way to channel the energy of the youth in a more positive way. Thirty years later things have changed, the game is more serious. There is a lot more money involved, there is a lot more at stake, some say it is dead. If so, who killed it? (YouTube 2) In this essay I will look at the growth of Hip Hop as an art form, from its origins in New York through to its transition into the world wide phenomenon we are familiar with today. My main focus will be to explore and understand why so many people seem to be asking the question is Hip Hop dead?. In order to answer the question is Hip Hop dead? it is first necessary to define my understanding of the question. In this essay I will be evaluating the health of Hip Hop, not in terms of its popularity or the money it generates but in terms of its health as an art form: is it still a thriving, growing, developing form or has it stagnated under the weight of its own success? I will be looking at the artistic growth of Hip Hop as well as the effect that commercialisation has had. My essay charts the decline of the rawness that was at the core of Hip Hop in its early phase of development in New York City, when it was recognised and respected for its in the moment personal creativity, where the dancing would bounce off the music, the music off the rapping, and the rapping from the sounds of the streets. 2. The Origins of Hip Hop Hip Hop is an art form that includes rapping rap music, graffiti writing, particular dance styles (including break dancing), specific attire, and a specialized language and vocabulary. (Droppin science p224) To master an art in Hip Hop required a creative and expressive skill, whether it be a physical expression, rhythmical lyrics, vocal percussion, playing with the many aspects of music or graffiti art. Hip Hop is also a cultural movement which grew and developed primarily amongst poor black kids in the streets of the South Bronx, New York City, in the mid to late 1970s. These were young Afro-American kids, descended from slaves bought over from Africa in the 18th and 19th centuries who lived in poor social conditions: broken families, poverty, poor education, lack of any job opportunities and much radical prejudice, and police prejudice. They lived in black ghettos where violence, and death were common. In the same way as their recent ancestors had been enslaved and made to work the plantations of the Southern states in places such as Mississippi and Alabama, they also felt enslaved in a system which seemed to offer them no way out. America condoned the peculiar institution of slavery from 1619 up until the passage of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution which abolished slavery and involuntary servitude on December 18, 1865. (Bruno, Anthony (no date) [online]). When slavery was abolished in 1865 (Bruno, Anthony (no date) [online]), and the slaves were suddenly freed, the necessity to work and earn money to survive led them to emigrate to the richer Northern states of America, to cities such as Washington, Chicago and New York, where jobs were available, however low paid. As well as a large number of Africans moving to the Northern Cities, so did many Latinos who had originally emigrated from Mexico, and Puerto. The same attraction of a better life and a chance to make money spurred on their movement North. The Afro-Americans and Latino youth that grew up in the streets of these Northern cities, were the originators of Hip Hop. However, although Latino groups, particularly in New York, made a huge contribution to Hip Hop, there is no doubt that the main influences on Hip Hop came from the African American population. Lack of education and strong prejudice against African Americans led to the being stuck with the dead end, poorly paid jobs and these conditions led to a high level of crime and violence, particularly involvement of drug dealing. To many there seemed no choice, it was either poverty or crime. It is the frustration and anger created by these conditions, especially the lack of any opportunities to improve their situation, that gave rise to the birth of Hip Hop. Hip Hop became that way out, and the music and rhythms of their ancestors were reborn within Hip Hop. The ancient African tribal rhythms and musical traditions travelled with the slaves and remained an important part of the life of an African slave in America, and after 300 years of slavery in the so called Land of the Free the sounds of Old Africa became the new sounds of black America. Rapping, the rhythmic use of spoken or semi-sung lyrics grew from its roots in the tribal chants and the plantation work songs to become, an integral part of black resistance to an oppressive white society. (The roots of Hip Hop, online) Hip Hop, like its direct ancestor, the Blues, were both born out of social deprivation and the determination to use the experience in a positive way, and to escape the clutches of poverty. 3. The Development of Hip Hop YouTube Video 1 briefly shows an interview with a man on the streets of the Bronx, shot in 1986. He talks about how the music programs in the schools of New York would often cut out because of budget problems, and the only way for the kids in the schools to get music lessons would be to pay for them outside of school, which many could not afford. Hip Hop was a new form invented by the kids who struggled with money, and the place they would learn from was on the streets. They used the pieces of music from their roots, their blood, music influences such as blues, gospel and jazz to create a new genre. The genres which their ancestors would have known during the slave trade back in the South of America. A time of similar misery, and expression of the same pain and sorrow in their souls was being called out. For them there were many similarities with their ancestors. Hip Hop was something the youth could get excited about, and have a passion for. It was something that no amount of money or person could get in their way and stop them. And over the few years, whilst not only was Hip Hop gradually developing as a music, dance and art form, so was their range of listeners. More and more people outside of New York were becoming familiar with the genre, and soon an identity had been created for these youths. They had become what they had longed for, a something which was making an impact. Not only were the youth creating the music, dancing to the music but they were living the Hip Hop genre as a way of life. But not at the time were they aware of the size of impact they were going to have on the rest of the world. (YouTube 1, Dropping science 230) It was the disco DJs in the clubs where the roots of the Hip Hop music style began. An interest grew of paying attention to the blending of one track into the next one, as opposed to finishing one and the starting another. The DJs began matching tempos to make a smooth transition. The reaction from the crowds was nothing but excitement as they became witness to gradual build up beats and phases would suddenly put you into a whole new track. (P 12 The rap attack) At a similar time as DJs finding a new and exciting craze in paying attention with and playing around with the beats and tempos of tracks, originally MCing referred to today as rapping was being developed in the streets of the Bronx. Rapping is one of the main elements which had always been at the heart of the Hip Hop genre. It was seen as a skill of rhythmic talking over a funk beat. (P8 The rap attack) Lets Work Together It was not long until these new styled DJs and Rap artists would come together and put the two talents together for everyone around to hear. One of the first DJs to explore this collision was DJ Kool Herc in 1975, who is often referred to today as a godfather of Hip Hop. Another popular DJ at this time was Love Bag Starski, and was known as the first to refer to this new found culture as Hip Hop. With the fast development of rap in the early 80s, rap music records where being played everywhere around America. However in the Bronx the listeners were still excited about the beats of the records and soon became obsessed with what was known as the break of the records, where the lyrics of a track would stop and all that could be heard were the strong beats and rhythms from the drums. (P14 The rap attack) These breaks in the records would be what the listeners would be waiting for, and the dancers to do their thing. This response led DJs to open up their creativity as DJs. From just playing records from start to finish, they would use the breaks as their bass and play around with cutting, repeating, layering, using turntables, extending parts of the records however they wished and felt at the time. Their time of developing a creative identity came. Suddenly the chances of hearing one copy of a James Brown record did not exist. (P14 The rap attack) Around 1973, the new craze of longer lengths of the breaks was reflected in the longer length of improvised moves of the dancers. Soon a new name break-dancer was what these dancers started to call themselves, or b-boys and b-girls for short. The kids who were into the breaks started calling themselves B-Boys and the wild, acrobatic style of dancing which accompanied the playing of the breaks became known as breaking. The better Bronx DJs like Kool Herc, Afrika Bambaataa and Grandmaster Flash started mixing two copies of the same record to make the breaks last longer; (The roots of Hip Hop, online) This was when the dancers would be creating the moves that inspired the lay down of Hip Hop dance. (online, Hip Hop History) Bringing it Back to the Streets The vocal percussion called beatboxing, is known to have grown originally as an urban form. The beat box drum machines used to create the breaking that the more established MC and DJ artists were using, could not be afforded by the majority of the Hip Hop creators on the streets. Therefore if the breaks could not be made for them, then they would make the breaks themselves through the skill of beatboxing. These soon established beatboxers were imitating drum sounds and beat patterns using the lips, tongue, mouth, throat, and voice. Its summed up with the image of a guy in a hoodie with his hands cupped over his mouth spitting and making wonderful noises. (The Real History of Beatboxing: Part 2) Hip Hop Dance The gangs of the Bronx strongly influenced the development of the Hip Hop dance style. The gang experience and forced hard and strong persona they was almost required to be taken seriously among the streets can been seen of an influence in the dance of Hip Hop. More specifically the dance style uprocking. Before gangs were going into battle, it was known that they would perform a particular dance in order to get the adrenaline running and bring an aggressive nature to the surface. The gang members would carry out movements that would resemble actions that would take place in moments of violence with an enemy. The dance would consist of kicks and strikes between the dancers. (P229 Droppin Science) In the early days, Hip Hop dance was an outwardly body expression specific to that person and their feelings spurred on from the beats and rhythms in the music being heard. The style has adopted a large range of different skills which have developed over time. The dance includes breaking, popping, locking, and free styling, while its movements indulge jumps, breakages, and rotations. Such elements make this dance style amazingly explosive and truly informal. (Hip Hop Dancing) Hip Hop dance has received a renowned respect for being a genre which demands such a high level of personal creativity. Just like the musicians, the dancers develop their own identity to how they dance, and they cannot be wrong. Dance genres such as ballet, demands a specifically noticeable technical ability which normally requires years of intense training. Hip Hop however enables an openness that most genres do not, a freedom to move however you wish. The only requirement which can be seen is an understanding and respect as a creative culture. (Hip Hop Dancing) What made Hip Hop dance so interesting when being performed in the Bronx was the ability to see such a range of new moves, new ideas, new ways of expressing. However with Hip Hop dance today, in the music videos created in the money making world, how often do we see a range of creativity? In my opinion hardly ever. Sure the choreography might involve different steps, but it will almost definitely involve a focus on female dancers, carrying out a version of booty-shaking, torso popping and hair flicking. Moves which emphasises the woman figure and create a more sexual orientated atmosphere. There is no denying that the attention to the movement of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦bum.. does not link back to moves that would have been found in African history, but Hip Hop in its original day was not all about just that. Just like how many more times can a Hip Hop artist swear in a song, how many more times can a Hip Hop dancer booty-shake? Not much more. Booty-shaking that existed originally as one of many Hip Hop moves has been taken and pushed forward to be portrayed as what Hip Hop dance is. The money making corporate world knows that sex sells, and to them the more sexy moves the better. Graffiti Graffiti is another of the main expressive elements that made up the Hip Hop culture. Graffiti represented the visual, emceeing and DJ produced the music, and B-Boying was the dance. In the early days of hip-hop, all of these elements were deeply intertwined. (graffiti and Hip Hop, online) Graffiti was normally an expression of the political activists in Hip Hop, people who wanted to mark their territory. Graffiti would be found all around the city, particularly on subways. People suddenly did not have to visit the Hispanic parts of the city to become face to face with the Hip Hop culture that was emerging, as graffiti was bought to them, a permanent reminded of the current sub-culture that was growing around them. The were adamant for their previously silent voices to be heard. Not long did graffiti progress from a scribbled tag (nickname) or club name on the wall to an elaborate art form emblazoned with Magic Marker and spray paint over every available surface of the subway trains and buildings. (P15 The rap attack) Competition Another element of Hip Hop that separates itself from other genres is how originally it would be performed in the form of a battle, whether it be rapping or break dancing. One side (or sometimes more) would go against another, and each side would take turns to show what they had to offer with a sort of you think your better than us, prove it attitude. This competitive nature stood at the heart of Hip Hop. Not only did it help displace violence and drugs such as heroin, but it also fostered an attitude of creating from limited materials. (P15 The rap attack). These young black men wanted to prove themselves to the world, and with these battles they were suddenly given a chance. I was ironic that these battles only ended up supporting the views of much of white America that young African American males are threatening, and that this then further restricted their entry into the mainstream service economy as well as other areas of mainstream life. (P229 Droppin Science) 4. The Social Impact of Hip Hop The most noticeable impact Hip Hop had on the community was the decrease conflict between the many established gangs that existed. It was within The Bronx and, to a lesser extent, Harlem that black youths developed their own alternative to the gang warfare that had risen from the dead in the late 1960s to dominate and divide neighbourhoods north of Central Park. (P12 The rap attack) The Savage Seven was the name given to the first known gang that took on the streets of the Bronx. This group of teenagers laid the groundwork for a surge of street gang activity that would overwhelm the Bronx for the next six years. One of the most well-known and influential originators of Hip Hop along with Eric B. and Rakim was Afrika Bambaataa, (more specifically in break-beat dee-jaying) is seen today the Godfather of Hip Hop Culture. Bambaataa, who was once himself not just a member but a leader of the Savage Seven, set up the group Zulu Nation, a Hip Hop group that spoke the message of factology versus beliefs. (Zulu Nation website, online] Hip Hop History) Zulu Nation spoke out of beliefs of right knowledge, right wisdom, right overstanding, right sound reasoning, to bring about right ways and actions. Bambaataa spoke out to the youths of Hip Hop with a message describing the importance of knowledge, wisdom and understanding. (Zulu Nation website) Zulu Nation effectively reached out to the large number of current gang members in the Bronx and show them a chance of an alternate path in life. The African American youths were able to express their frustration and pain now in a way which did not require violence, instead of putting it on one another; they were putting it into Hip Hop. A peacemaking was established. (Dropping Science 213) The school playgrounds, community parks and centres helped bring what were once gang enemies in the ghetto together. The former threatening gangs transformed into relatively harmonious, harmless crews, and the only battling they would have with one another was through the exciting new form of Hip Hop. The gang lives many Afro-American youths had, was never hidden away and ignored in Hip Hop. Instead, the pain and suffering they experienced bought to the forefront of much of the rapping creativity, as a chance to express how they really felt and not be rejected by it became an seized opportunity for many to release their inside emotions. An interesting description of the way Hip Hoppers reacted to media attention and the manipulation is in the book Droppin Science. William Perkins interview with a filmmaker and author of that time Michael Holman describes how the Bronx youth had created a cultural depth and confidence to talk back, when challenged by the media, staying loose, and reacting in a way which most likely spurred on even more attention to how strong the Hip Hop culture had grew to become, they stayed fresh, they maintained that certain volatility that Hip Hop craves. No fear of the end of the world, just fear of being stuck: If you became classifiable, Holman says, you became all the things that kept you in check. (P214 Droppin Science) Through Hip Hops deeply personal and expressive nature, whether it be through words, movement or art we are bought face to face with the reality of the suffering of the African Americans were experiencing at that time. Hip Hop stood out as a form which spoke of stories of everyday life experiences in the streets. (Hip Hops evolution, online) However any positive social impact from Hip Hop in the early days of its development was soon undone when the commercial pressures of the market started to take effect. 5. The Commercialisation of Hip Hop What does the term commercial mean?   It can take on various meanings, but in essence that term is used to label artists who have alienated parts of the hip-hop culture in their work.  (Hip Hop Culture Essay) There is no denying that commercialisation has helped to open up Hip Hop to the rest of the world. Originally Hip Hop was very much an Afro-American art form, however with the commercial world recognising and marketing the genre with music shows such as MTV, the audience range opened up not only to the whites of America, but the rest of the world. A world can now be said to be dominated by Hip Hop in a commercial sense, but perhaps no longer in an artistic sense. However, many people believe that commercial hip-hop has deteriorated from what so many emcees in the 80s tried to build a culture of music, dance, creativity, and artistry that would give people not only something to bob their head to, but also an avenue to express themselves and deliver a positive message to their surroundings. (Droppin Science) For instance, the dancers we see on TV in Hip Hop music videos and on stage with Hip Hop artists today might look like Hip Hop dancers and be able to do Hip Hop dance, but do they really have artistic integrity and spontaneous thrill of the originals danced on the streets of New York? Well, they are not creating the moves; most likely the steps are taught for them to copy and perform. There is little creativity or realness they learn and perfect their moves in studios, not the streets or in the ghetto clubs the realness in that sense is not in Hip Hop anymore. (mrwiggles, online) Also, Hip Hop music has become to rarely live anymore with many performers miming vocals to pre-recorded backing tracks. Thinking on the spot, being under pressure, being unpredictable and real in the moment as you do your thing, was one of the core skills originally associated with being a master of the form. How often today do we see the so called top Hip Hop artists of today think on their feet? Music videos are recorded, re-recorded, played with, special effected, deleted, you name it. We are hardly given the chance to see Hip Hop being presented as one artist showing what they can do, with the microphone, with the floor. The originators of Hip Hop did not just get involved in creativity and performance, they lived the Hip Hop lifestyle. But as soon as Hip Hop gained media attention and respect for its potential, it was not long until big business seized the opportunity to have a piece and shape the artists style in a way which they felt would make money. Vanilla Ice is a clear example of an attempt to change Hip Hop into a more poppy genre of music. Vanilla Ice was a white kid from Florida who was used to try and create a crossover between Hip Hop and pop music; a blatant and widely ridiculed attempt to manufacture a Hip Hop artist with mass appeal. Gangs were still involved in Hip Hop as it grew, and some believe that there was more gang involvement than ever before. We call them the Hip Hop record labels. They may not call themselves gangs, but through the extreme competitiveness of the record companies to be bigger and better than anyone else, the rivalry backbone still remains. The most famous and recognised record company rivalry is between the West Coast and East Coast. The West Coast record label Death Row founded by Dr. Dre and Suge Knight verses the East Coast label, Bad Boy founded by Puffy Combs. The website Knowledgerush says that the rivalry intensified as Hip Hop continued to enter the mainstream in the United States and abroad; more money entered the industry and raised the stakes. The focal point soon came to a head with Tupac Shakur on the west coast and Notorious B.I.G. (Knowledgerush, online) Tupac (West Coast) and Notorious B.I.G. (East Coast) were two talented rappers, who were friends and would occasionally see one another despite the competitiveness between their record labels. Both were murdered within six months of each in 1996 as part of feud between the East and West coast gangs. The obvious explanation behind the deaths of Tupac and Biggy is in the saying an eye for an eye, and was as a result of the rivalry between the record companies. However the most sinister theory fingers Knight for both murders, the founder of Death Row. (Hip-hop homicide, online) TAKE OUT When Tupacs body lay dead waiting for atomisation (autopsied), his infamous tattoos were fully displayed, including his signature phrase, thug life, in large letters in a semi-circle around his abdomen. (Knowledgerush, online) Despite Hip Hops development into a world full of money, the artists of Hip Hop were still living the Hip Hop culture, Hip Hop still remained their life. Many commentators were of the view that the feud between the East and West coast Hip Hop gangs and the deaths of Tupac and BIG were all primarily morivated by money. As the comedian Chris Rock said, when Tupac became worth more dead than alive, it was the end for him. (Bigger and Blacker, Chris Rock). Rivalry still exists today with Ja Rule verses DMX, Eminem verses Benzino and Jay-Z verses Nas. Not much has really changed. Mentioning and dissing of other gangs started to become a major lyrical theme within Hip Hop in the 1990s. MCs began incorporating more varied and stylistic speech, and focused on introducing themselves, shouting out to friends in the audience, and boasting about their own skills, and criticizing their rivals. (Knowledgerush, online) Not surprisingly this would result in their rivals feeling disrespected and seeking revenge. These Hip Hop artists would never work and travel as individuals, they would go around in big groups including others from their record labels, calling it an entourage. A direct link to the gangs that walked New York cannot help but be made. The bigger the entourage, the more of a successful impression they would make on the rest of the world. A genre that was originally aimed to help the stop gang violence in New York, over time has transform into a genre which can not help but seem creating violence, and glorifying gun culture. Hip Hop identity is now a world-wide phenomenon, the cutting edge of global youth culture. The gangsta identity both represents the drama of the streets, but also the merchandizing of the rhymes of violence by profit hungry media companies. As KRS-1 and others tell it, the media companies promote the most outrageous stereotypes of violent, vicious Black youth while ignoring the rappers who represent the positive and political side of ghetto life. (Hip Hop Gangs) Hand in hand with the commercialisation of Hip Hop came far more negative and misogynistic attitudes to women (or bitches as they are widely referred to within Hip Hop). A video youtube3 discusses the use of women in these Hip Hop music videos. One interviewer expresses that women have become adornments, walking objects, portrayed as walking bling. The numbers of girls in videos has increased over the years, going from maybe four or five to forty even fifty. These women are not dressed in a way that can argue this idea, as they are made to wear as little as possible, which most likely turns out to be very revealing underwear or swimwear. Surely the way these videos portray and use women, with the derogatory terms used to describe them questions womanhood today? I recognise that gender is a very key element to the Hip Hop culture in terms of it being a very much male-dominated world, females struggle to match the success levels as the men, and the degrading attitude women are faced with, however I believe to have looked into and covered that would have been a whole essay in itself. I just wish to mention that since Hip Hop has entered the commercial world it has developed into a male dominated genre which portrays women in a disrespectful, objectified and careless way. In its original day, there was never such a strong disregard for women in Hip Hop, and it can only be noticed that it began to have this misogyny opinion when the Hip Hop artist were working with the big music companies. 6. Conclusions Hip Hop came out of a life people were forced to live in of poor healthcare, no money and no hope. Once they realised they could use the media and publicity in their favour to achieve longed for wealth and a chance for more in their lives, they used it so much, they exploited it. African Americans became corrupted by letting their aim and their search for money become their integrity in life. I cannot help but say be careful what you wish for, because you just might get it. As Hip Hop grew and the money in Hip Hop became bigger, more people wanted a piece of the action: managers, promoters, publicists, stylists and most importantly, producers and record companies. Hip Hop (very much like Punk music) was originally an art form that had at its core its rawness and openness you needed no musical training to rap, no instruments to beatbox and no canvass to write graffiti. But now Hip Hop has succumbed to the celebrity culture, and without a major record label, who will want to package and market you, there is little chance of getting your music heard. In the search for record sales, Hip Hop also seemed to lose its integrity and political purpose. Hip Hop, in its early days, did not glorify and encourage violence, drugs and misogyny, it expressed the anger, frustration and suffering young black men were experiencing because of the poor social conditions and lack of opportunities available to them. Today, Hip Hop lyrics and music videos seem to offer a constant diet of violence, drugs and misogyny so much so that it almost becomes bland. How sexist can you be? How many times can you swear in your record? How violent can you (pretend to) be? As Hip Hop artists competed with each other to write more and more extreme lyrics, it quickly became apparent that there was nowhere else to go Hip Hop seems to have reached a stage where everything has already been done. Like other mainstream artists, many rappers sold out and kept their mind on their money and their money on their mind. (Hip Hop Gangs) Today, many of Hip Hops most successful artists are pretenders well educated people, from privileged backgrounds some of whom studied performing arts before becoming Hip Hoppers. Kanye West and Young Jeezy are often mentioned in this way. It seems to me that Hip Hop sold out. It reached a compromise with big business in which both sides used one another to get what they wanted. The record labels would use Hip Hop to generate vast sums of money for themselves, and a few Hip Hop youths would get what they had always wanted: money, recognition for their music and a respect from others. In this essay I hope I have shown that in its early days Hip Hop had an integrity and truth rooted in the experiences of black ghetto youths in North American cities. It had an openness and accessibility any one could participate, anyone could be creative. I also hope I have shown how as Hip Hop grew it very quickly became consumed by the needs of the market and original, creative output was replaced with commercial product. I believe that as a commercial enterprise Hip Hop is still very much alive, in fact it might be said to be bigger than ever, and the gangsta rap culture identity still lives on, not just within music but in fashion, language, film and television. However as an art form I believe it is dead. Hip Hop was an art form that existed out of curiosity, play and freedom. Today through the corporate process every little element has to be questioned and often changed to make the genre be put forward in the most marketable way. The creative control has been lost by being someones money making product. In the music world it is very hard to not be a commercial product, and Hip Hop like many other genres has fallen into that existence. I believe Hip Hop began to die when the real Hip Hoppers dont own Hip Hop anymore. Money took control. The music companies did not have the same interest in Hip Hop as the originators did, their interest was making money, not keeping Hip Hop alive in its purest form. People who did not know anything about real Hip Hop were suddenly having say as to how it would sound. A realisation of this I believe has c

Hiroshima: Book Report :: essays research papers

Hiroshima: Book Report ISSUES Briefly describe the issues that are dealt with in the book. This book was vary informative to me. This book mainly talked about the affects of nuclear weapons. On August 6, 1945, Hiroshima was destroyed by the first atom bomb ever dropped on a city. It speaks about how even if you did survive the blast you were so badly injured that you would die soon anyway. It talked about an incident where someone's eye was melting and was oozing down his face. It speaks about how houses were lifted of there foundation. After all the research about the bomb was made, they reported that 78,150 people had been killed, 13,983 were missing, and 37,425 had been injured. Even before the bomb, the citizens of Hiroshima were waken almost every night because of false warnings of intruder planes coming in the area. It talked about how a lot of people had to go on living with only one leg or one arm. To me, it brought up a good point, that all those innocent people had do die for nothing. CHAPTER SUMMARY Briefly summarize each of the chapters: main ideas, narrative features. The first chapter is called "A Noiseless Flash." The title kind of speaks for it self. That was exactly how the bomb was. No one saw anything or heard anything but a flash. The first chapter speaks about how people are wondering why they are alive, but their next door neighbors aren't. It was weird, there could be a house right in the middle of two houses; the one in the middle survived the bomb but the other two did not. A whole neighborhood could be wiped out except for a few houses. Why those houses did not get knocked down, no one knows. The second chapter is called "The Fire." This chapter is about how the explosion caused many fires. The fires were spread everywhere because of the high winds. Many of the people were burned and buried in the smashed up bricks and ashes. The ones that survived the bomb and fire, were seriously hurt. The book pointed out an incident where someone's eye was melting and oozing down his check. The third chapter was called "Details Are Being Investigated." In the radio, it had been said that Hiroshima suffered of an attack by a few B-29. Many people are being treated for their burns and injuries. Many have died and a lot more at this time are missing. Everyone is still in shock after 2 days that the bomb struck. The forth chapter is called "Panic Grass And Feverfew.